# Future Value Calculator

> Calculate future value with dated rate presets, recurring deposits, withdrawals, inflation, and clear formula documentation.

## Site policy

- Educational future-value calculator; not investment, tax, legal, or personalized financial advice.
- Calculator inputs remain in the browser; the site does not store personal projections.
- Default rates are dated, documented benchmark snapshots, not live forecasts.
- Historical performance does not guarantee future results.

## Pages

### [Future Value Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/)

Enter a starting balance, recurring deposits or withdrawals, time horizon, and rate assumptions to compare nominal and inflation-adjusted future values.

#### How this future value calculator works

Start with the balance you already have, add a recurring deposit or withdrawal, and choose how long the money stays invested. The calculator converts your annual rate to the effective periodic rate for the selected compounding frequency before it projects each balance.

The result table updates immediately and shows three editable assumptions side by side. You can compare a lower bond-like return, a middle long-term market estimate, and a higher historical range without creating an account or leaving the page.

Monthly deposits, inflation, and withdrawals are calculator controls here rather than separate low-volume destinations. The related annuity calculator adds growing-payment support without competing for the head term.

#### Inputs and methodology

The starting amount is the balance today. A positive recurring contribution adds money each period; a negative recurring amount models withdrawals. Contribution frequency can be annual, monthly, or biweekly, and payment timing controls whether each cash flow occurs at the beginning or end of a period.

Compounding frequency determines how the annual nominal rate is converted: annual, semiannual, quarterly, monthly, or daily. The calculator keeps full precision internally and rounds only the displayed USD values.

Every default rate identifies its benchmark, source, observation date, and methodology. Treasury and CPI values come from FRED; long-term S&P inputs come from documented historical ranges. Each rate remains editable and is an assumption, not a forecast or recommendation.

#### Reading nominal and real results

Nominal future value is the projected account balance in future dollars. Real future value divides that balance by the inflation factor for the same horizon, so it expresses the result in current purchasing power.

The Lower, Middle, and Higher columns are sensitivity estimates, not best, expected, and guaranteed outcomes. Use them to see how the time horizon, contribution size, and rate assumption interact.

When recurring withdrawals exhaust an account, the projection stops at $0 instead of compounding a negative balance. That exhaustion point is a stress-test signal, not a safe-withdrawal recommendation.

#### Formula and Excel checks

For a lump sum, FV = PV * (1 + r/m)^(mt), where r is the nominal annual rate, m is the number of compounding periods per year, and t is years.

Recurring payments use the equivalent contribution-period rate and explicit beginning- or end-of-period timing. In Excel, verify the result with FV(rate, nper, pmt, pv, type), reversing cash-flow signs as needed.

Real future value divides nominal future value by (1 + inflation rate)^years. The formula and Excel pages show worked examples and the exact argument mapping.

### [401(k) Future Value Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/401k-future-value-calculator/)

Enter salary, payroll contributions, employer match, and return assumptions to see the projected account balance and the match embedded in it.

#### How employer matching is calculated

For each contribution period, the employer match is the smaller of the match rate applied to your employee contribution or the match cap applied to salary for that period. A 50% match with a 6% salary cap contributes $0.50 per $1 deferred until the cap is reached.

The match is added on the same end-of-period or beginning-of-period schedule as the employee contribution. The result separates the projected future value attributable to employer contributions so the free-money component is visible.

Annual salary growth grows the employee contribution and the salary-based match cap together, so the input represents a fixed percentage-of-pay contribution schedule. The tool does not model taxes, vesting, plan-specific payroll rules, loans, fees, or separate contribution-rate changes.

#### 2026 contribution limit prompt

The calculator flags employee deferrals above $24,500 in 2026 before an eligible catch-up contribution. The workplace-plan catch-up is up to $8,000 at age 50 or older, or up to $11,250 at ages 60-63. Employer matching is entered separately and is not counted against the employee deferral figure.

The warning is informational, not payroll advice. Verify current IRS limits, catch-up eligibility, plan document rules, and payroll implementation with authoritative plan information.

#### Reading the 401(k) projection

Nominal future value is the projected account balance in future dollars. Real future value converts it to current purchasing power after the inflation input.

The growth curve shows Lower, Middle, and Higher assumptions together. The yearly schedule breaks every year into opening balance, employee deposits, employer match, interest, and ending balance.

Returns are editable assumptions, not forecasts. Historical stock ranges do not determine your plan investment results.

#### Worked example: salary, match, and 22 years

Suppose a saver has $42,500 in an existing 401(k), earns $68,000, defers $850 each month, and receives a 50% match capped at 6% of pay. Per month, the employee puts in $850. The match would be $425 at 50%, but the salary cap limits it to $340, so total contributions are $1,190 before growth.

Enter 22 years, 3% annual salary growth, 7% annual growth, and 2.5% inflation. The projection grows the $850 deposit and the $340 match cap with pay. At monthly compounding, the middle estimate is about $1,000,074 nominal. Dividing by the inflation factor gives about $580,907 in current purchasing power, and about $271,765 of the nominal balance comes from matched employer contributions.

The salary-growth input does not promise that pay will rise by 3%. It models a steady percentage-of-pay schedule. If the employee changed from 15% to 10% of pay, both deposits and the employer match would need recalculation; this tool recalculates the match from the monthly contribution, salary, rate, and cap.

Assumptions matter more than precision in any single input. The same example projects roughly $748,136 at 5% and about $1,358,474 at 9% nominal. That spread is the useful result: it shows sensitivity to an investment mix, not a guaranteed range. Taxes, fees, job changes, vesting, loans, and plan payroll rules remain outside the projection.

Use the yearly schedule as a reconciliation aid rather than decoration. In the early years, deposits and matching carry most of the increase; by the later years, growth on a larger balance usually dominates. If a year looks surprising, check that salary growth applies to both the contribution and the match cap, that the match is $340 rather than the uncapped $425, and that the projection uses end-of-month timing. This turns a large estimate into a sequence you can inspect, explain, and revise as employment or plan rules change.

### [Roth IRA Growth Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/roth-ira-future-value-calculator/)

Model a recurring Roth IRA contribution schedule and compare nominal growth with inflation-adjusted purchasing power.

#### What this Roth projection includes

The calculator projects a fixed recurring contribution and an editable investment return. It does not assume a tax deduction because Roth contributions are made after tax.

A qualified Roth distribution can be tax-free, but qualification depends on age, holding period, and IRS rules. This calculator does not determine qualification or give tax advice.

For 2026, the IRA contribution limit is $7,500, or $8,600 with an eligible age-50-or-older catch-up contribution, according to IRS Notice 2025-67. The calculator warns when the entered base schedule exceeds $7,500 but does not determine your income phase-out or eligibility. The higher ages 60-63 workplace catch-up does not apply to IRAs.

Income limits and plan rules can reduce or prevent a Roth contribution. Verify current rules with the IRS and your custodian before contributing.

#### Using the growth curve and schedule

The curve compares Lower, Middle, and Higher return assumptions. The yearly schedule shows opening balance, deposits, interest, and ending balance for the selected assumption.

The inflation-adjusted result is not a tax projection. It converts the projected nominal balance into current purchasing power so a long horizon is easier to interpret.

#### Worked example: a twenty-year contribution schedule

Start with $12,000 already in a Roth IRA and contribute the 2026 base maximum as $625 per month. Use a 7% annual growth assumption for 20 years and convert at 2.5% inflation. The projection compounds monthly and treats each contribution as an end-of-period deposit; it is about $374,044 nominal.

At 2.5% inflation, the twenty-year price factor is about 1.6386. Dividing $374,044 by that factor produces roughly $228,268 of current purchasing power. That real result helps compare today's savings effort with a future balance, but it does not say how much will be available tax-free or whether a distribution is qualified.

The growth range shows why timing and asset-allocation assumptions matter. At 5%, the same schedule reaches about $289,448. At 9%, it reaches about $489,539. Those are sensitivity calculations, not a confidence interval. A saver with decades ahead and one near a distribution date should not copy the same return range merely because both own Roth IRAs.

A common mistake is entering the annual limit as a monthly contribution. The calculator would then project $7,500 per month and overstate deposits twelve times. Another mistake is treating contribution limits as indexing guarantees; verify the applicable year, income phase-out, and eligibility with the IRS source and your custodian before changing an actual plan.

When interpreting the output, keep contribution principal and market growth separate. Over 20 years, deposits total $162,000, including the opening balance. At 7%, the remaining $212,044 is projected growth. That decomposition makes the return assumption concrete: the schedule asks whether $12,000 plus $625 per month has a reasonable chance of producing $374,044 before inflation. If the spread between the 5% and 9% results feels too wide for your asset allocation, reduce both growth inputs and run the projection again rather than treating one middle number as certain.

Test one variable at a time so the cause of a changed result stays clear.

### [529 College Savings Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/529-college-savings-calculator/)

Estimate how recurring 529 contributions grow and how education-cost inflation changes the purchasing power of the projected balance.

#### Education inflation and real value

Enter an education-cost inflation rate in the inflation field. The real result divides the projected nominal balance by that inflation factor for the selected horizon.

The tool does not predict tuition for a particular school, state, program, or academic year. Education inflation can vary materially across those choices.

#### 529 scope and limitations

The projection uses a fixed contribution schedule and an editable investment return. It does not model state tax benefits, investment options, fees, financial-aid treatment, scholarships, or changing beneficiaries.

Use the yearly schedule to see when contributions and compounding accumulate. Verify plan rules and state tax treatment with authoritative plan documents.

#### Worked example: fourteen years of tuition saving

Imagine a $5,000 opening balance, $250 deposited monthly, 14 years to the first tuition bill, and a 5.5% annual growth assumption. With monthly compounding and end-of-month deposits, the projection is about $73,833 nominal. Using 5% education-cost inflation, the same balance represents about $37,291 of today's purchasing power.

The two results answer different questions. The nominal figure estimates the account balance in future dollars; the real figure estimates how much tuition-buying power those dollars have if costs rise at the entered rate. A family can change the inflation field without touching the growth rate to separate investment sensitivity from cost sensitivity.

That separation matters. At 4% growth the balance is about $64,923; at 7% it is about $84,294, while the education-inflation factor stays unchanged. Conversely, if tuition inflation is 3% instead of 5%, the real result is higher even though every nominal input is the same. Treating those two rates as one blended number makes the scenario harder to audit.

Common mistakes include assuming every state offers the same tax treatment, treating an age-based portfolio's current equity allocation as fixed for all 14 years, and projecting one child's total cost without considering scholarships or school-choice differences. This tool models the account math, not plan rules or a particular college's invoice.

A practical exercise is to calculate both a two-year and fourteen-year version of the same family plan. The short run shows that $250 per month adds about $6,000 plus $5,000 already saved, while the long run adds roughly $41,300 of projected growth at 5.5%. That contrast explains why contribution changes matter so much in early years and why later balances are more sensitive to growth. It also gives a family a disciplined way to revisit assumptions annually instead of anchoring on one high-school-year balance that was calculated many years earlier.

Then test growth and cost inflation separately to make each conclusion auditable.

### [High-Yield Savings Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/high-yield-savings-calculator/)

Enter an account APY and recurring deposits to project savings growth with a yearly balance schedule.

#### How APY is used

The rate input on this page is an annual percentage yield. The calculator converts that effective APY to the equivalent nominal rate for the selected compounding frequency, so the projected annual growth matches the entered APY.

The lower and higher inputs are editable APY comparisons. The 4.28% middle input is a dated 1-year Treasury short-rate benchmark, not a bank rate offer. A separate FDIC national savings rate card provides a low national reference point.

#### Savings risk and withdrawals

A savings account does not have the same market risk as a stock investment, but its rate can change. Bank rates may be tiered, promotional, restricted, or unavailable in your state.

Enter withdrawals as negative recurring contributions for a simple stress test. The balance stops at $0; bank fees, withdrawal limits, bonus rules, and taxes are not modeled.

#### Worked example: APY, deposits, and purchasing power

Use a $32,000 emergency-fund balance, $600 added monthly, a 4.35% APY, and a four-and-a-half-year horizon. The calculator converts the effective APY to the nominal rate for the selected monthly compounding, so annual yield is the input you compare across banks. The projection is about $74,407 nominal.

At 3% inflation, those future dollars have about $65,140 of current purchasing power. That comparison is useful for cash planning: growth outpaces the entered inflation rate, but the spread is narrower than the headline APY. For money needed at a fixed date, the real number is often more decision-relevant than the nominal balance.

The APY sensitivity is deliberately much tighter than a stock range. At 4.00% APY the result is about $73,554; at 4.50% it is about $74,776. That difference reflects rate movement on a cash account. It does not include a promotion bonus, monthly service fee, tiered interest, required debit transactions, balance ceilings, or a future Federal Reserve rate path.

A frequent error is treating an introductory APY as permanent for the full horizon. Another is ignoring that balances above a tier ceiling may earn less. Use the calculator to test the rate falling partway through, then verify the actual account terms. For a simple depletion test, enter a negative monthly amount and inspect the yearly schedule.

To make the monthly mechanics explicit, the first month starts at $32,000, adds $600 at month-end, and credits about $115 at the equivalent monthly rate. The next month compounds on the larger total. Repeat that sequence for 54 months and the account reaches about $74,407. This is not a promise of equal interest every month: a bank may change APY, accrue interest daily but post it monthly, or pay different rates by balance tier. The annual APY input remains useful because it reduces those mechanics to a comparable effective rate.

### [Withdrawal Exhaustion Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/withdrawal-exhaustion-calculator/)

Enter a starting balance and recurring withdrawal to find the year each return assumption reaches $0.

#### How exhaustion is calculated

Withdrawals are entered as negative recurring contributions. Interest compounds on the remaining positive balance; once the balance reaches $0, later withdrawals are skipped.

The exhaustion panel reports the first year the selected schedule reaches $0. The yearly table shows the opening balance, actual withdrawals, interest, and closing balance before depletion.

This calculator projects a fixed withdrawal schedule. It does not estimate a safe withdrawal rate, model taxes and fees, or predict market returns.

#### Worked example: changing returns and runout year

Start with $625,000, withdraw $4,500 each month, and project 30 years. At 7% annual growth with monthly compounding, the account reaches $0 in year 24. The prior year still opens with about $42,293; interest is about $1,333, while that year's withdrawals are about $43,626. This is why depletion can arrive suddenly after a balance becomes small.

At 4% growth, the same schedule exhausts in year 16. Eight years of difference comes from a 3-percentage-point return assumption, but that is not a promise that 7% is safe. The lower-return case is a stress test, and an actual portfolio can have a poor early sequence even if its long-run average is high.

The yearly table makes timing visible. Withdrawals are modeled as equal end-of-month cash flows; interest is credited to the remaining balance each month. If the balance reaches $0, later withdrawals are skipped rather than compounded as a negative account. Try changing withdrawals to $4,000 or $5,000, then compare the runout years instead of focusing only on the ending balance.

Common misconceptions include reading the result as a safe withdrawal rate, ignoring taxes on taxable withdrawals, or assuming a fixed dollar withdrawal preserves purchasing power. It does not: $4,500 buys less each year if prices rise. Use this tool to compare schedule stress, then consult authoritative tax and retirement-plan sources for actual distributions.

For a second test, keep the same $625,000 balance but change withdrawals to $3,750, $4,500, and $5,250 while holding 7% constant. The runout year should move substantially with each step. That experiment demonstrates why the withdrawal amount is usually more controllable than the return. It also reveals nonlinear behavior: a 17% larger withdrawal does not merely reduce the ending balance by 17%; it can pull depletion several years earlier because compounding has less remaining principal to work with.

### [Future Value of Annuity Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/future-value-of-annuity-calculator/)

Set the starting balance to zero to isolate an annuity, switch between end-of-period and beginning-of-period payments, or enter annual payment growth.

#### Ordinary, due, and growing payments

An ordinary annuity assumes each payment occurs at the end of a period. Annuity due assumes each payment occurs at the beginning, so every payment has one additional period to compound.

For a growing annuity, the first payment equals the contribution input and later payments increase at the annual growth rate. This consolidates the low-volume growing-annuity query into the validated annuity tool.

### [Future Value Formula](https://future-value-calculator.com/learn/formula/)

Use this student reference to trace every calculator result back to lump-sum compounding, annuity timing, and inflation conversion.

#### Core formula

For a lump sum, FV = PV × (1 + r/m)^(mt), where r is the nominal annual rate, m is compounding periods per year, and t is years.

For recurring payments, the calculator converts the annual rate to the contribution-period rate and applies beginning- or end-of-period timing explicitly.

Real future value is nominal future value divided by (1 + inflation rate)^years.

### [Excel FV Function](https://future-value-calculator.com/learn/excel-fv/)

This student reference explains Excel FV arguments and gives a direct way to verify the calculator with a spreadsheet.

#### Excel FV syntax and signs

Excel uses FV(rate, nper, pmt, [pv], [type]). For monthly compounding, divide the annual nominal rate by 12 and multiply years by 12.

Excel follows cash-flow sign conventions: money paid into an investment is negative, so FV normally returns a negative future value unless you reverse the signs. This calculator accepts positive deposits and uses the equivalent magnitude.

Set type to 0 for end-of-period payments and 1 for beginning-of-period payments.

### [Future Value Calculator FAQ](https://future-value-calculator.com/faq/)

Updated: 2026-09-14

Short answers to common questions about the calculator inputs, result interpretation, sources, and privacy boundaries.

#### Calculator questions

These answers summarize behavior implemented in this site. The formula and Excel pages provide the longer mathematical derivations.

#### Questions and answers

- **What is future value?** Future value is the projected value of a starting balance plus scheduled deposits or withdrawals after compound growth over a selected period. It is a mathematical projection, not a prediction of what an account will actually earn.
- **What is the difference between nominal and real future value?** Nominal future value is expressed in future dollars. Real future value divides that amount by the inflation factor for the same horizon, expressing the result in current purchasing power.
- **Are the default rates live market quotes?** No. Defaults are dated benchmark snapshots from documented sources. Treasury and CPI values come from FRED; long-term stock-market estimates come from Damodaran historical data. Every rate remains editable.
- **Does the calculator store my amounts or contributions?** No account is created, and calculator inputs are not sent to site storage. Calculations run in the browser. The app itself stores only your selected theme in browser-local storage; Google Analytics may also set its own analytics cookies.
- **How do I model withdrawals?** Enter the recurring withdrawal as a negative contribution. If withdrawals exhaust the account, the projection stops at $0 instead of compounding a negative balance.
- **Can I verify a result in Excel?** Yes. Use the Excel FV reference for the required rate, number of periods, payment signs, and type argument. The site documents how to match monthly compounding and payment timing.
- **Is this financial advice?** No. The site is an educational calculator. It does not recommend investments, predict returns, estimate safe withdrawal rates, or provide tax, legal, or personalized financial advice.

### [About Future Value Calculator](https://future-value-calculator.com/about/)

Updated: 2026-09-14

A transparent utility for checking future-value math, comparing assumptions, and understanding nominal versus real purchasing power.

#### What this site is

Future Value Calculator is a focused English utility site for future-value calculations. It is built around one head-term calculator and a small set of supporting pages for annuities, withdrawals, the underlying formula, and Excel verification.

The calculator exposes contribution frequency, payment timing, compounding frequency, inflation, and three editable rate assumptions. Results update in the browser so a calculation can be checked without creating an account.

#### How content is maintained

Each launch page has a distinct calculator behavior or educational purpose rather than a thin keyword-only variation. XCLLL is the named author and calculation reviewer for the public calculator pages.

Editorial review checks formula behavior against golden cases, source links against the cited publisher, and page copy for unsupported forecast or advice claims.

Rate presets identify the benchmark, source, retrieval date, observation date where applicable, and methodology. Historical estimates are described as historical ranges, not forecasts.

- Treasury and CPI benchmark snapshots are linked to FRED.
- Long-term S&P 500 estimates are linked to Damodaran historical data.
- Curated result cases use documented non-personal inputs.
- Low-volume variant routes redirect to validated tools instead of creating duplicate pages.

#### Data and privacy boundaries

Calculator amounts, rates, ages, and goals are not written to site storage. The calculator runs client-side, and the site does not offer accounts or profiles.

The app deliberately stores only your selected theme in browser-local storage. Google Analytics may set separate analytics cookies, as described in the privacy policy.

#### What this site does not claim

The site does not claim professional financial credentials, provide personalized advice, or guarantee future investment performance. It is a math and education utility.

Any future monetization or data practice that changes these boundaries requires an explicit product-scope change and an updated privacy policy.

### [Privacy Policy](https://future-value-calculator.com/privacy-policy/)

Updated: 2026-09-14

This policy explains the limited data practices of the current site and the boundaries that apply to calculator inputs.

#### Effective date and scope

This policy is effective September 14, 2026 and describes the current public website. It applies only to this site and the routes served under its configured domain.

#### Calculator inputs

The calculator does not require an account and does not submit starting balances, contributions, rates, time horizons, ages, or goals to site storage. Calculations are performed in the browser.

Clearing the page or leaving the site removes the values shown in the calculator because this site does not save personal projections.

#### Browser-local storage

The app stores your selected light, dark, or system theme in localStorage under the key future-value-calculator-theme. This setting remains on your device and can be removed by clearing site data in your browser.

Google Analytics 4 may set first-party analytics cookies such as _ga. The site does not use cookies for advertising profiles.

#### Analytics and events

This site uses Google Analytics 4 (measurement ID G-PPCX7224EE) to measure page views and general usage events. Google may process data such as pages viewed, approximate location, device and browser type, referrer, and pseudonymous identifiers.

The calculator still does not send starting balances, contribution amounts, withdrawal amounts, rates, time horizons, ages, or goals to Google Analytics. No advertising or affiliate tracker is part of the current launch.

Google Analytics 4 may set first-party analytics cookies such as _ga to distinguish visitors. Google handles this data under the Google Privacy Policy and terms; you can also block analytics with your browser or a privacy extension.

#### Hosting and security processing

The site is delivered through internet infrastructure which may process technical request data such as IP address, user agent, timestamps, and routing information for security, abuse prevention, availability, and logging. Such processing is limited to what is necessary to operate and protect the service.

#### External links and sources

Source citations link to third-party sites such as FRED and Damodaran. Once you follow an external link, the destination site controls its own privacy practices and should provide its own policy.

#### Children and changes

The site is intended for general educational use and is not directed to children under 13 as a service requiring personal information because it does not request personal financial information.

Material changes to this policy will receive a new effective date on this page. Continued use after publication means you accept the updated practice.

#### Privacy questions

Privacy questions may be submitted through the public repository issue tracker at https://github.com/LaoZYi/future-value-calculator. Do not include account numbers, balances, or other personal financial information in a public issue.

### [Terms of Service](https://future-value-calculator.com/terms-of-service/)

Updated: 2026-09-13

These terms govern access to and use of the Future Value Calculator website.

#### Acceptance

By accessing this site, you agree to these terms. If you do not agree, do not use the site.

#### Educational use only

The calculator and supporting pages provide mathematical and educational information. They do not constitute investment, tax, legal, accounting, retirement, or personalized financial advice.

You are responsible for your assumptions and for obtaining professional advice before making financial decisions.

#### No forecast or guarantee

Future-value results depend entirely on the inputs selected. Rates, inflation, market behavior, taxes, fees, account rules, and personal circumstances can differ from any assumption used in a calculation.

Historical data does not guarantee future results, and no outcome presented by the site is promised or guaranteed.

#### Accuracy and availability

The site aims to document formulas and source methodology clearly, but mathematical content, source data, and page content may contain errors or become outdated. Pages may be changed, suspended, or discontinued without notice.

The site is provided on an as-is and as-available basis, without warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, accuracy, uninterrupted operation, or error-free functionality.

#### Permitted use and intellectual property

You may use the public calculator for lawful personal and educational calculations. You may not interfere with the service, attempt to disrupt or bypass security controls, misrepresent the origin of the content, or use automated traffic in a way that harms availability.

Site text, design, code, and original documentation remain the copyright of Future Value Calculator. Third-party source names and data remain subject to their respective rights and terms.

#### Limitation of liability

To the maximum extent permitted by applicable law, Future Value Calculator is not liable for indirect, incidental, special, consequential, punitive, or lost-profit damages, or for losses arising from reliance on calculator results or educational content.

Nothing in these terms limits obligations that cannot legally be limited. If a court finds any provision unenforceable, the remaining provisions continue to apply.

#### Changes

These terms may be updated by publishing a revised version with a new effective date. Continued use after publication means you accept the revised terms.

#### Notices

Questions about these terms may be submitted through the public repository issue tracker at https://github.com/LaoZYi/future-value-calculator. Do not include personal financial information in a public issue.

## Rate assumptions

- Lower estimate: 4.28%; benchmark: 1-year Treasury constant maturity; source: FRED: 1-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Rate (DGS1); retrieved 2026-09-12; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DGS1
- Middle estimate: 10.80%; benchmark: S&P 500 rolling 30-year total-return median; source: Damodaran historical returns, 1928-2025; retrieved 2026-09-12; https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/data.html
- Higher estimate: 12.04%; benchmark: S&P 500 rolling 30-year total-return 75th percentile; source: Damodaran historical returns, 1928-2025; retrieved 2026-09-12; https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/New_Home_Page/data.html

- Inflation: 3.34%; source: FRED: Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPIAUCSL); retrieved 2026-09-12; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL

## Machine-readable endpoints

- [sitemap.xml](https://future-value-calculator.com/sitemap.xml)
- [robots.txt](https://future-value-calculator.com/robots.txt)
- [llms.txt](https://future-value-calculator.com/llms.txt)
- [llms-full.txt](https://future-value-calculator.com/llms-full.txt)